Technical Brief

Industrial computers evolved from early programmable machines into rugged, specialised systems deployed in cabinets, machines, networks, and intelligent automation facilities. […]

Introduction In modern substation automation, reliability and zero downtime are not just desirable – they are essential. The IEC 61850

Introduction IEC 61850 is a global standard for communication in electrical substations and power automation systems. To ensure high availability

Building Management Systems (BMS) rely on communication protocols to enable seamless integration between various components such as HVAC, lighting, security,

What is MQTT? MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a lightweight messaging protocol designed for efficient communication between devices, particularly

Networking involves various data encapsulation methods to ensure seamless communication across devices. Three commonly used terms—Ethernet frames, packets, and segments—are

Ethernet networks are the backbone of modern communication, both in commercial IT and industrial environments. A crucial aspect of Ethernet

Ethernet networks are the backbone of modern communication systems, providing connectivity in enterprise, industrial, and home networks. Proper cabling and

Quality of Service (QoS) is a set of technologies and mechanisms used to manage and prioritize network traffic to ensure

In industrial automation, network reliability is critical to ensuring uninterrupted operations. Redundancy ring protocols provide fault tolerance by enabling fast