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Modbus is one of the most widely used industrial communication protocols, originally developed in 1979 by Modicon (now Schneider Electric) for programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It is a simple, open, and robust protocol designed for real-time communication...

Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a lightweight, publish-subscribe messaging protocol designed for low-bandwidth, high-latency, and unreliable networks. Originally developed by IBM in 1999, MQTT has gained widespread adoption in Industrial...

Industrial control systems (ICS) rely on various communication protocols to ensure seamless data exchange between sensors, controllers, actuators, and supervisory systems. However, due to the vast number of proprietary and standardized protocols used...

Industrial control systems (ICS) rely on various communication protocols to connect sensors, controllers, actuators, and supervisory systems. These protocols enable real-time data exchange, process automation, and efficient industrial operations. Below...

Introduction Many industrial and embedded systems still rely on legacy devices that communicate using serial protocols like RS-232 and RS-485. While these devices were designed for direct, point-to-point communication, modern networks have shifted towards...

RS-485 (Recommended Standard 485) is a multi-point, differential serial communication standard designed for robust, long-distance, and noise-resistant data transmission. It is widely used in industrial automation, building management systems (BMS), SCADA...

RS-232: Detailed Explanation RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232) is a standard for serial communication that defines how data is transmitted between devices. It was originally developed in 1960 by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) and is still...

Introduction Serial communication is a fundamental method of data transfer used in various industries, including computing, telecommunications, and industrial automation. It allows devices to communicate by sending data one bit at a time over a communication...

In railway systems, Ethernet switches are integral to communication and control, and their use is subject to various certifications and standards to ensure reliability, safety, and compliance. These certifications and standards ensure that the equipment...