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Industrial computers evolved from early programmable machines into rugged, specialised systems deployed in cabinets, machines, networks, and intelligent automation facilities. 1. What is a Computer? A computer is a machine that takes inputs, processes...

Introduction In modern substation automation, reliability and zero downtime are not just desirable – they are essential. The IEC 61850 standard governs how devices in substations communicate, and within it, the use of redundancy protocols like...

Introduction In the rapidly evolving landscape of industrial automation, seamless interoperability between different devices, systems, and platforms is crucial. Traditional industrial communication protocols often struggle with vendor lock-in, lack of...

Introduction IEC 61850 is a global standard for communication in electrical substations and power automation systems. To ensure high availability and fault tolerance, redundancy protocols such as Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP), High-availability...

Building Management Systems (BMS) rely on communication protocols to enable seamless integration between various components such as HVAC, lighting, security, and access control systems. These protocols ensure interoperability, real-time monitoring, and...

A Building Management System (BMS) is an integrated system used to control and monitor essential building functions such as HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), lighting, security, access control, and energy management. Ethernet networking...

As industries and enterprises seek reliable, high-performance wireless connectivity, two key technologies emerge as dominant contenders: Private 5G and Wi-Fi. While both offer wireless communication, they serve different use cases, have distinct advantages,...

While Wi-Fi and cellular networks dominate wireless communication, numerous other wireless technologies play crucial roles in modern connectivity. These technologies enable communication for industrial automation, IoT devices, satellite communications,...

Cellular communication has transformed over the decades, evolving from basic voice services to high-speed data networks powering global connectivity. The transition from 2G to 5G and the upcoming advancements beyond 5G have revolutionized industries,...